Early Origins
The history of Edinburgh Castle dates back to at least the 12th century, but the site itself has been a stronghold for far longer. The Castle Rock, where the fortress stands today, was originally settled by prehistoric humans, with evidence of occupation dating back to at least the Iron Age (around 2,000 years ago). Archaeological finds suggest that it was a strategic location for early settlers who recognized the defensive advantages of the rock.
During the reign of King David I of Scotland (1124–1153), the first fortifications were likely constructed on the site, though it is unclear whether they were built of wood or stone. These early structures were the precursors to the grand medieval castle that would later dominate the skyline of Edinburgh.
The Medieval Period
Edinburgh Castle became a prominent royal residence during the medieval period. In the 12th century, King David I established a royal residence within the fortifications, which led to its prominence in Scottish politics. However, it was during the reign of King Malcolm III (also known as Malcolm Canmore) in the 11th century that the castle began to grow in importance. Malcolm III is said to have made Edinburgh Castle his primary residence, making it the center of royal power in the region.
Throughout the medieval era, Edinburgh Castle was repeatedly attacked, besieged, and captured, a testament to its strategic importance. One of the most significant events during this time was the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 13th and 14th centuries. In 1296, the English king Edward I laid siege to the castle, and after a prolonged battle, Edinburgh Castle was captured by the English, leading to it becoming part of England's possessions.
The castle would change hands several more times during the turbulent period of the Wars of Independence, with the Scots reclaiming it in 1314 after the Battle of Bannockburn, when Robert the Bruce successfully ousted the English forces. However, the English would later capture it again, and it wasn't until the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328 that the castle was officially returned to Scotland. shutdown123